Which of these practices can reduce agricultural runoff pollution?

Using cover crops is a highly effective practice for reducing agricultural runoff pollution. Cover crops are plants grown primarily for the benefit of the soil rather than for harvest. They help in several ways: they improve soil structure, increase organic matter, and enhance moisture retention. By planting cover crops, farmers can prevent soil erosion and create a barrier that captures nutrients before they have the chance to wash away into nearby water bodies. This is particularly important in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus runoff, which can lead to harmful algal blooms and degrade water quality in adjacent streams, rivers, and lakes.

The other practices listed, such as applying fertilizers before rainstorms and maximizing tillage, can exacerbate runoff pollution. Applying fertilizers just before rain can cause excessive nutrient leaching into waterways, and increased tillage can disturb the soil, making it more prone to erosion and nutrient loss. Similarly, intensive use of chemical pesticides can harm both the soil health and nearby aquatic ecosystems, leading to further pollution. Utilizing cover crops stands out as a sustainable and proactive approach to minimizing runoff pollution in agricultural settings.