What is an empirical model?

An empirical model is designed to provide a quantitative, mathematical description of data based on observed phenomena rather than theoretical assumptions. This approach involves the collection of data through experiments or observations, and then develops a mathematical framework to express the relationships between different variables. The strength of empirical models lies in their reliance on actual data, which allows for predictions and understanding of behavior within the observed context.

In contrast, qualitative descriptions focus on non-numerical aspects, which do not provide the precise measurements or mathematical relationships found in empirical models. An empirical model goes further by translating these observations into quantifiable terms, leading to more actionable insights in fields like environmental science. The other options do not capture the essence of how empirical modeling operates, especially in the context of delivering mathematically-driven insights derived from empirical evidence.